Neill’s Statue Satyagraha | TNPSC
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| Source: Amrit mahotsav |
Who was Colonel Neill:
Colonel Neill, infamous for his brutal role in suppressing the Indian Rebellion of 1857, earned the notorious title "Butcher of Allahabad." His ruthless methods left a lasting scar on Indian history, symbolized by a bronze statue erected by the British on Mount Road, Madras (now Chennai).
The Symbol of Oppression:
The Neill statue stood as a grim reminder of the atrocities committed by the British, fueling the Indians' insatiable hunger for freedom. Srinivasa Varadan from Madurai vehemently opposed this symbol of oppression, declaring that such a figure had no place in the soil of Mother India. This sentiment led to the formation of the 'Tamil Nadu Volunteer Corps' with the primary goal of dismantling the statue.
Neill Statue Satyagraha:
- The volunteers, led by Somayajalu Naidu and supported by Padmasini Ammal in Madurai, orchestrated the Neill Statue Satyagraha. The protest was meticulously planned for August 11, 1927. The Satyagrahis successfully damaged a portion of the statue, demonstrating their defiance. This act of resistance resulted in the imprisonment and fining of key leader Ganapathi Ayya.
- The Neill Statue Satyagraha is a significant chapter in India's struggle for independence, symbolizing the nation's resilience and determination to uproot colonial oppression. This event not only highlights the courage of the Tamil Nadu Volunteer Corps but also underscores the collective effort of Indians to reclaim their freedom and dignity.
- After the major leaders like Somayajalu and Swaminatha Mudaliar got arrested K. Kamaraj became the leader of the agitation (September, 1927). Mahatma Gandhi when he visited Madras during the time extended his support to the agitation. The Madras legislature passed resolutions demanding the removal of the statue.
- Neill Statue was later moved to Ripon Building and then to Madras Museum.
2023 TNPSC Group 2 Mains - Paper 2 General Studies Questions
TNPSC Group-2 Mains Paper 2
General Studies
2023
Part-A
(15x6=90)
Note:
- Answer not exceeding 50 words each
- Each question carries six marks
- Answer any fifteen questions out of eighteen questions in section 1 and 2
Section 1 :
1.Write about the impact of Covid 19 in Environment. (6)
2.Define the following: (6)
(a) Endangered (E)
(b) Vulnerable (V)
(c) Threatened (T)
2.Define the following: (6)
(a) Endangered (E)
(b) Vulnerable (V)
(c) Threatened (T)
3. What are the challenges and bottlenecks faced by Indian electricity sector? (6)
4. Which are the coastal regions of India are under threat due to rising in sea level. (6)
5. Discuss and write the relative order of acid strength of the following oxyacids in the
ascending order :
(a) HClO, HClO2, HClO3 and HClO4
(b) HNO3, HNO2 and HNO (6)
6. List out the role of FAO, WHO and UNICEF towards human welfare. (6)
7. Mention the risks associated with Genetic Engineering of microbes to the
environment. (6)
8. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Biojet Fuel (3)
(b) Electronic Voting Machine (3)
9. Write about the role of the following:
(a) Atomic Power Station, Kalpakkam
(b) Mission Shakthi.
Section 2:
10. Why Micro Labs Ltd was in news in 2022? (6)
11. What is the aim of Digital Ecosystem for Skilling and Livelihood's
DESH - stack e-portal ? (6)
12. Discuss in detail Digital Transformation in Indian Agri sector. (6)
13. Explain the various schemes for Socio Economic Development of
SC & ST
Community in Tamilnadu. (6)
14. List out the important legislative measures initiated so far as well as the
institutional structures established to tackle the menace of corruption in India. (6)
15. In disaster management the role of cooperative federalism is crucial. How far the
principles of cooperative federalism were incorporated in the recent COVID 19
disaster management? Evaluate their outcomes. (6)
16. Explain Civil Services Day. (6)
17. What are the sociological factors that lead to domestic violence? (6)
18. Briefly explain the following basic elements of Networking : (6)
(a) Network services
(b) Transmission media
(c) Protocols.
Part-B
(10x12=120)
Note:
- Answer not exceeding 150 words each
- Each question carries twelve marks
- Answer any ten questions out of twelve questions.
19. Write a note on the following : (3 x 4 = 12)
(a) Chief Minister’s Breakfast Scheme
(b) Green Tamil Nadu Mission
(c) The Nilgiri Tahr Project.
20. Discuss the principles of Budgeting. (12)
21. Explain in detail : (12)
(a) Incredible India
(b) Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)
(c) India’s Target for $ 5 Trillion Economy.
22. Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of State Control over the Hindu temples. (12)
23. Already there is a District Rural Development Agency that looks after development
administration at district level. However, yet another organization called District
Development Coordination and Monitoring Committee has been created. Explain the
rationale behind it and distinguish the new organisation from the earlier one. (12)
24. Explain how Tamil Nadu bagged National Krishi Karman Award for five times. (12)
25. Examine on Child Welfare activities in India. (12)
26. Write a note on Industrial Corridors of Tamilnadu. (12)
27. What are ‘B’ Complex Vitamins? Enumerate the biological functions of these
vitamins.
Why are B-Complex vitamin essential? (12)
28. "International Year of Millets 2023” – Discuss. (12)
29. What is graphene and who discovered it?
Explain in detail the latest applications of
graphene? (12)
30. Identify the relations among the appropriate physical quantities governing the
following situations and explain the principle behind them.
Where are these
situations employed?
(a) The flow of water through a cylindrical tube of varying diameter.
(b) The flow of current through copper wires of different diameters. (12)
Part-C
(6x15=90)
Note:
- Answer not exceeding 250 words each
- Each question carries fifteen marks
- Answer any six questions out of eight questions.
31. How Dravidian Languages identity sets apart as distinct languages
from other
Indian Languages? (15)
32. Analyse the role of India in Global Climate Change. (15)
33. Write a note on various steps taken by the Government of India to tackle the
challenges
of climate change. (15)
34. Elaborate the various institutional frameworks erected to address the issues in
public life relating to probity and corruption in India. (15)
35. Explain the origin and functions of Central Institute of Classical Tamil. (15)
36. Explain the characteristics of third sectors and analyse its role in providing
health
care services in the country. (15)
37. Describe in details on various industrial problems of India. (15)
38. Explain about “Tamil Nadu ICT Policy” (Information Communication Technology). (15)
P.Jeevanandham - TNPSC
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| P. Jeevanandham |
Death : 18th January, 1963
P Jeevanandhan also fondly known as Jeeva is a famous Socio-political leader, Gandhian, Journalist and an excellent orator. He was born near Boothapandi in Nagarcoil in the erstwhile Princely state of Travancore. He was originally known as Sorimuthu named after his family god.
Political life:
In 1924, he participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha which was a nonviolent agitation for access to the prohibited Temple premises. He also participated in the Suchindram temple entry movement. He took care of Gandhian Ashram in Siruvayal where he met Mahatma Gandhi, who appreciated Jeeva for his involvement in the national movement. He hoisted the national flag on top of the temple cart of Suchindram temple at the time of its procession. In 1932, he took part in Civil Disobedience Movement and was sentenced to six months in Trichy Jail. He was arrested and imprisoned for six months for having translated the banned book of Bhagat Singh, “Why I am an atheist?” into Tamil in 1934. He was one of the founding members of the Madras Provincial Congress Socialist Party and became its first secretary in 1937.
He was elected as a member of the All India Congress Committee in 1938 and served as a member of the working Committee of the State Congress unit. He took part in Anti-War activities during 1939-42 and was arrested and kept in custody under the Defence of India Rules. He was imprisoned in Vellore and Madras jails for two years. Later, he joined the Communist Party of India and became a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1952 from the Washermanpet constituency. He died on January 18, 1964.
Padmasani Ammal - TNPSC
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| Padmasani Ammal |
Born : Madurai, 1897
- Padmasani Ammal was married at the age of 10 and was sent with her husband Srinivasa Varadan when she was 15. Her Husband was a Tamil pandit in manamadurai. He took part in the freedom movement and later left his job to become a reporter and manager of "Desabaktan" and "Navasakthi" magazines in Madurai.
- The couples jointly sang the songs of Subramaniya Bharathi to propagate the freedom movement. They actively participated in the Khadi movement and started producing spinning wheels at Madurai. They joined the Sri Bharatha Ashram founded by Subramaniyam Siva and even maintained it in the absence of Siva, whenever he was imprisoned. She headed the Neill Satyagraha in Madurai.
National Waterways - TNPSC
To promote Inland Water Transport (IWT) in the country, 111 waterways (including 5 existing and 106 new) have been declared as National Waterways (NWs) under the National Waterways Act, 2016 which came into effect from 12th April, 2016.
Reserve Bank of India - TNPSC
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established on April 1 1935 under Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. It is India's central bank and regulatory body responsible for regulation of Indian Banking system. It is managed under Ministry of Finance, India.
Main Functions:- Monetary authority
- RBI Formulates, implements and monitors the monetary policy.
- The objective behind this is to maintain price stability while maintaining the growth.
- Manager of Foreign Exchange
- Manages the Foreign Exchange Management act, 1999 (FEMA)
- Faciliates external trade and payment and maintenance of foreign exchange market in the country.
- Issuer of Currency
- Issues, exchanges and even destroys currency and as well puts the coins minted by Government of India into Circulation.
Know about RBI Exams : RBI Grade B Exam
Thiruppur Kumaran - TNPSC
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| Thiruppur Kumaran |
Tiruppur Kumaran, originally named Kumarswamy Mudaliar, was born on October 4, 1904, in Chennimalai, Erode District, Tamil Nadu. Kumaran is celebrated as a significant figure in India's struggle for independence, deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's principles.
Kumaran's dedication to the cause of Indian independence was evident through his active participation in various protests and movements against British rule. On January 10, 1932, he led a significant protest march in Tiruppur, carrying the Indian national flag. Despite being severely beaten by the British police, Kumaran refused to let the flag touch the ground, symbolizing his unwavering commitment to the nation. This act of defiance earned him the revered title of "Kodi Kaatha Kumaran" (Kumaran who protected the flag).
Tragically, Kumaran succumbed to his injuries the following day, on January 11, 1932. His martyrdom is a poignant reminder of the countless unsung heroes who fought for India's freedom. Tiruppur Kumaran’s sacrifice continues to inspire generations, embodying the spirit of resilience, patriotism, and unwavering dedication to the nation's cause.
Kumaran was associated with the Deshabandu Youth Association, which played a crucial role in mobilizing the youth for the independence movement.
Iyothee Thass Pandithar - TNPSC
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| Pandit Iyothee Thass |
C. Iyothee Thass (20 May 1845 – 1914) was an Indian anti-caste activist and a practitioner of Siddha medicine. He famously converted to Buddhism and called upon the Paraiyars to do the same, arguing that this was their original religion.Iyothee Thass was born Kathavarayan on 20 May 1845 in Thousand Lights, a neighbourhood in Madras (now Chennai), and later migrated to the Nilgiris district.
Work :
- In the 1870s, Iyothee Thass organized the Todas and other tribes of the Nilgiri Hills into a formidable force for the freedom movement. In 1876, Thass established the Advaidananda Sabha and launched a magazine called Dravida Pandian in collaboration with Rev. John Rathina.
- In 1886, Thass issued a revolutionary declaration that Scheduled caste people (Dalits) were not Hindus. Following this declaration, he established the “Dravida Mahajana Sabha '' in 1891 along with Rettamalai Srinivasan.
- During the 1891 census, he urged the members of Scheduled castes to register themselves as “ Casteless Dravidians ” instead of identifying themselves as Hindus. His activities served as an inspiration to Sri Lanka’s Buddhist revivalist Anagarika Dharmapala.
40. கல்வி | Learning - TNPSC
1.கற்க கசடறக் கற்பவை கற்றபின்
நிற்க அதற்குத் தக.
பொருள் : கற்கத் தகுந்த நூல்களைக் குற்றமறக் கற்க வேண்டும்; அவ்வாறு கற்ற பிறகு கற்ற கல்விக்குத் தக்கவாறு நெறியில் நிற்க வேண்டும்.
2.எண்ணென்ப ஏனை எழுத்தென்ப இவ்விரண்டும்
கண்ணென்ப வாழும் உயிர்க்கு.
பொருள் : எண் என்று சொல்லப்படுவன, எழுத்து என்று சொல்லப்படுவன ஆகிய இருவகைக் கலைகளையும் வாழும் மக்களுக்குக் கண்கள் என்று கூறுவர்.
3.கண்ணுடையர் என்பவர் கற்றோர் முகத்திரண்டு
புண்ணுடையர் கல்லா தவர்.
பொருள் : கண்ணுடையவர் என்று உயர்வாகக் கூறப்படுகின்றவர் கற்றவரே; கல்லாதவர் முகத்தில் இரண்டு புண் உடையவர் ஆவர்.
4.உவப்பத் தலைக்கூடி உள்ளப் பிரிதல்
அனைத்தே புலவர் தொழில்.
பொருள் : மகிழும்படியாகக் கூடிப் பழகி. (இனி இவரை எப்போது காண்போம் என்று) வருந்தி நினைக்கும் படியாகப் பிரிதல் புலவரின் தொழிலாகும்.
5.உடையார்முன் இல்லார்போல் ஏக்கற்றுங் கற்றார்
கடையரே கல்லா தவர்.
பொருள் : செல்வர்முன் வறியவர் நிற்பதுபோல் (கற்றவர்முன்) ஏங்கித் தாழ்ந்து நின்றும் கல்வி கற்றவரே உயர்ந்தவர்; கல்லாதவர் இழிந்தவர்.
6.தொட்டனைத் தூறும் மணற்கேணி மாந்தர்க்குக்
கற்றனைத் தூறும் அறிவு.
பொருள் : மணலில் உள்ள கேணியில் தோண்டிய அளவிற்கு நீர் ஊறும்; அதுபோல், மக்களுக்குக் கற்ற கல்வியின் அளவிற்கு அறிவு ஊறும்.
7.யாதானும் நாடாமால் ஊராமால் என்னொருவன்
சாந்துணையுங் கல்லாத வாறு.
பொருள் : கற்றவனுக்குத் தன் நாடும் ஊரும்போலவே வேறு எதுவாயினும் நாடாகும்; ஊராகும்; ஆகையால் ஒருவன் சாகும்வரையில் கல்லாமல் காலங்கழிப்பது ஏன்?
8.ஒருமைக்கண் தான்கற்ற கல்வி ஒருவற்கு
எழுமையும் ஏமாப் புடைத்து.
பொருள் : ஒரு பிறப்பில் தான் கற்ற கல்வியானது அப்பிறப்பிற்கு மட்டும் அல்லாமல் ஒருவனுக்கு எழுபிறப்பிலும் உதவும் தன்மையுடையதாகும்.
9.தாமின் புறுவது உலகின் புறக்கண்டு
காமுறுவர் கற்றறிந் தார்.
பொருள் : தாம் இன்புறுவதற்குக் காரணமான கல்வியால் உலகமும் இன்புறுவதைக் கண்டு, கற்றறிந்த அறிஞர் மேன்மேலும் (அக்கல்வியையே, விரும்புவர்.
10.கேடில் விழுச்செல்வம் கல்வி யொருவற்கு
மாடல்ல மற்றை யவை.
பொருள் : ஒருவனுக்கு அழிவு இல்லாத சிறந்த செல்வம் கல்வியே ஆகும்; கல்வி தவிர மற்றப் பொருள்கள் (அத்தகைய சிறப்புடைய ) செல்வம் அல்ல.
VERTICAL FISCAL IMBALANCE (VFI)
What is VFI?
The Union Government is endowed with more Tax powers than the states, while the states are assigned more expenditures responsibilities than Union government. This leads to VFI between states and union. The main responsibility of finance commission (A-280) is to correct this.
Understanding VFI:
An empirical measure of VFI is "VFI=1-Ratio of states own revenue to own expenditure". If VFI ratio is zero, then states have enough to meet their expenditure.
A look over past 3 finance commissions shows there is an increase in trend. The ratio was 0.530 which means only 43% of states own revenue was financed by themselves.
Solution proposed by Experts:
- Reassigning tax powers between union and states: The union government has exclusive power to levy excise duty and states have exclusive power to levy excise duty, sales tax on liquor. All other commodities fall under GST. Experts propose that CGST and excise duty on petro products be assigned to states.
- Veto powers of union government should be removed. Then, the GST council truely will become a body by the states to settle tax issues among themselves, thereby union government as facilitator.
தேசிய பூங்காக்கள்
இந்தியாவிலுள்ள தேசிய பூங்காக்கள்
தேசிய பூங்கா (national park) என்பது அரசால் அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட அல்லது அதற்கு உரிமையான இயற்கை நிலங்களை கொண்ட ஒரு ஒதுக்ககம் ஆகும். இது மனிதருடைய பொழுதுபோக்கு, விலங்குகள் அல்லது சூழல் பாதுகாப்பு நோக்கங்களுடன் ஒதுக்கப்படுகின்றன. இந்தியாவின் முதல் தேசிய பூங்கா 1936ல் ஹெய்லி என்ற பெயரில் நிறுவப்பட்டது, தற்பொழுது ஜிம் கார்பெட் தேசிய பூங்கா என்று அறியப்படுகிறது. தற்பொழுது இந்தியாவில் 106 தேசிய பூங்காக்கள் இருப்பதாக அறியப்படுகிறது (2022ல்).
1. ஹெமிஸ் தேசிய பூங்கா :
இது லடாக் இல் உள்ளது. பனிச்சிறுத்தையைக் காண சிறந்த இடமாக கருதப்படுகிறது. நந்தா தேவி உயிர்கோளத்திற்குப் பிறகு இரண்டாவது பெரிய தொடர்ச்சியான பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதியாகும். பாலிஆர்க்டிக் சுற்றுச்சூழல் மண்டலத்திற்குள் (Palearctic ecozone) இந்தியாவின் ஒரே பாகுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி. இது ஜம்மு காஷ்மீரின் கிழக்கு லடாக் பகுதியில் உள்ள உயரமான தேசிய பூங்கா ஆகும்.
2. காசிரங்கா தேசிய பூங்கா:
இத்தேசிய பூங்கா அஸ்ஸாமில் அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும் இது புலிகள் காப்பகமாக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டது. முக்கியமான பறவை பகுதியாக (Bird Life International ஆல்) அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இது ஒரு யுனெஸ்கோ (UNESCO) உலக மரபுடைமைத்தலம். ஒரு கொம்பு காண்டாமிருகத்திற்கு பிரபலமான தளம் இது கருதப்படுகிறது.
இத்தலத்தை இரண்டு பிரிவுகளாக பிரிக்க அறிவிப்பு வெளியிடப்பட்டது கிழக்கு அசாம் வனவிலங்குகள் (தெற்கு பிரிவு)
பிஸ்வநாத் வனவிலங்கு பிரிவு (வடக்கு பிரிவு) இவ்விரண்டு பிரிவுகளை பிரம்மபுத்திரா நதி பிரிக்கிறது.
3. ஜிம் கார்பெட் தேசிய பூங்கா:
இத்தேசிய பூங்கா உத்தரகாண்ட மாநிலத்தின் நைனிடால் மாவட்டத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. 1936 ஆம் ஆண்டு அழிந்து வரும் வங்காளப்ப புளியைப் பாதுகாக்க ஹெய்லி தேசிய பூங்காவாக நிறுவப்பட்டது.
"The Project Tiger" 1973ல் கார்பெட் புலிகள் காப்பகத்தின் ஒரு பகுதியாக உள்ள கார்பெட் தேசிய பூங்காவில் தொடங்கப்பட்டது.
4. ஆனைமுடி சோலா தேசிய பூங்கா:
கேரளா மாநிலம், இருக்க மாவட்டத்தில் மேற்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலையை ஒட்டி அமைந்துள்ளது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் மிக உயரமான சிகரம், ஆனைமுடி.
இது மன்னவன் சோலா, இடிவார சோலா மற்றும் புல்லர்டி சோலா ஆகியவற்றால் ஆனது, மொத்த பரப்பளவு 7.5 கி.மீ சதுரம்.
MODEL PRISON MANUAL, 2016 for UPSC Exams
WHAT IS MODEL PRISON MANUAL?
Model Prison Manual, 2016 is a set of guidelines developed by Ministry of Home Affairs. It covers about prisoner classification and privileges, disciplinary action and complaints procedures, sanitary and hygiene regulations, etc.,
Related Articles:
- Article 39 (a) Fair justice also deals with prisoners.
- Article 14,19,20,21 and 22 deal with Rights of prisoners.
WHY TO READ?
- The union Home ministry has asked the states of Union Territories who have not adopted Model Prison Manual so far, to bring in accordance with guidelines provided by Manual.
- Prison is a state subject.
43. அறிவுடைமை | The Possession of Knowledge - TNPSC
1.அறிவற்றங் காக்குங் கருவி செறுவார்க்கும்உள்ளழிக்க லாகா அரண்.
பொருள் : அறிவு, அழிவு வராமல் காக்கும் கருவியாகும்; அன்றியும் பகைகொண்டு எதிர்ப்பவர்க்கும் அழிக்க முடியாத உள்ளரணும் ஆகும்.
2.சென்ற இடத்தால் செலவிடா தீதொரீஇ
நன்றின்பால் உய்ப்ப தறிவு.
பொருள்:மனத்தைச் சென்ற இடத்தில் செல்லவிடாமல், தீமையானதிலிருந்து நீக்கிக் காத்து நன்மையானதில் செல்லவிடுவதே அறிவாகும்.
3.எப்பொருள் யார்யார்வாய்க் கேட்பினும் அப்பொருள்மெய்ப்பொருள் காண்ப தறிவு.
பொருள்: எப்பொருளை யார் யாரிடம் கேட்டாலும் (கேட்டவாறே கொள்ளாமல்) அப்பொருளின் மெய்யான பொருளைக் காண்பதே அறிவாகும்
4.எண்பொருள வாகச் செலச்சொல்லித் தான்பிறர்வாய்நுண்பொருள் காண்ப தறிவு.
பொருள்: தான் சொல்லுவன எளிய பொருளையுடையனவாகப் பதியுமாறு சொல்லித், தான் பிறரிடம் கேட்பவற்றின் நுட்பமான பொருளையும் ஆராய்ந்து காண்பது அறிவாகும்.
5.உலகம் தழீஇய தொட்பம் மலர்தலும்கூம்பலும் இல்ல தறிவு.
பொருள்: உலகத்து உயர்ந்தவரை நட்பாக்கிக்கொள்வது சிறந்த அறிவு; முன்னே மகிழ்ந்து விரிதலும் பின்னே வருந்திக் குவிதலும் இல்லாதது அறிவு.
6.எவ்வ துறைவது உலகம் உலகத்தோடுஅவ்வ துறைவ தறிவு.
பொருள்: உலகம் எவ்வாறு நடைபெறுகின்றதோ, உலகத்தோடு பொருந்திய வகையில் தானும் அவ்வாறு நடப்பதே அறிவாகும்.
7.அறிவுடையார் ஆவ தறிவார் அறிவிலார்அஃதறி கல்லா தவர்.
பொருள்: அறிவுடையவர் எதிர்காலத்தில் நிகழப்போவதை முன்னே எண்ணி அறியவல்லார்; அறிவில்லாதவர் அதனை அறிய முடியாதவர்.
8.அஞ்சுவ தஞ்சாமை பேதைமை அஞ்சுவதுஅஞ்சல் அறிவார் தொழில்.
பொருள்: அஞ்சத்தக்கதைக்கண்டு அஞ்சாதிருப்பது அறியாமையாகும்; அஞ்சத்தக்கதைக் கண்டு அஞ்சுவதே அறிவுடைவரின் தொழிலாகும்.
9.எதிரதாக் காக்கும் அறிவினார்க் கில்லைஅதிர வருவதோர் நோய்.
பொருள்: வரப்போவதை முன்னே அறிந்து காத்துக் கொள்ளவல்ல அறிவுடையவர்க்கு, அவர் நடுஙகும்படியாக வரக்கூடிய துன்பம் ஒன்றும் இல்லை.
10.அறிவுடையார் எல்லா முடையார் அறிவிலார்என்னுடைய ரேனும் இலர்.
பொருள்: அறிவுடையவர் (வேறொன்றும் இல்லாதிருப்பினும்) எல்லாம் உடையவரே ஆவர்; அறிவில்லாதவர் வேறு என்ன உடையவராக இருப்பினும் ஒன்றும் இல்லாதவரே ஆவர்.
What are Personal Laws?
Personal Laws are a set of laws that regulate and control relationships between two people or more people as a result of certain factors. The factors include marriage, affinity, and blood. Personal Laws govern and regulate matters or aspects of the personal sphere including marriage, divorce, maintenance, succession, minority, guardianship, etc.
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Based on religion, belief, and culture, personal rules may apply to a certain class of people, group of people, or individual. These can be categorised under "family law" in broad. Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, and Parsis are currently all subject to their respective sets of personal laws in India. Personal rules, including those governing marriage, have been codified in a variety of laws that are applicable to followers of many religions.
Some of other key Personal Laws in India:
- The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
- The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872
- Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936
- Muslim Marriage law in India
- The Hindu Succession Act
Personal Laws varies from country to country and may also be influences by cultural or religious traditions. In many countries personal law is governed by civil law codes, while in others, it may be based on religious texts or customary practices. For Example, in the US, personal law is generally governed by state laws, which vary from state to state.
Evolution of Personal Laws:
1) Ancient Period:
- Hindu Law- The ancient legal system in India was primarily based on HIndu religious texts and customs such as Manusmriti and Dharmashastra. These texts provided guidelines on various personal matters, including marriage, property and inheritance.
- Islamic Law- With the advent of Islam in India, Islamic personal laws came into practice. These laws were derived from the Quran, Hadiths (sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad), and legal opinion of Islamic scholars.
2) British Colonial Period (18th-20th centuries):
- East India Company- During the early colonial period, the British East India Company recognised and respected the existing personal laws of various communities. They established courts to administer justice based on religious laws, which were known as "personal laws."
- Codification- In the 19th century the British colonial government sought to consolidate and codify various personal laws to create a uniform legal system. They introduced acts such as Hindu Marriage Act (1829), Hindu Widow Remarraige Act (1856) and the Indian Divorce Act (1869).
3) Post- Independence Era (1947):
- Constitution of India- After India gained Independence in 1947, the framers of the Indian Constitution recognized the importance of personal laws and allowed communities to govern their personal affairs. The Constitution guaranteed the right to religion and grants religious and cultural communities the freedom to manage their affairs.
- Hindu Code Bills- In the 1950s, the Indian Government introduced the Hindu Code Bills, which aimed to reform and modernise Hindu Personal laws. These bills sought to abolish discriminatory practices against women, such as polygamy and unequal inheritance rights. The Hindu Marriage Act (1955) and the Hindu Succession Act (1956) were some of the key legislations enacted under these reforms.
- Muslim Personal Laws- Unlike Hindu personal laws were not codified or reformed to the same extent. Muslim personal laws continued to be governed by Islamic jurisprudence, including practices like polygamy and triple talaq (instant divorce). However, certain reforms have been introduced over the years, such as banning instant triple talaq in 2019.
"Government Initiates 1,100 New Farmer Producer Organizations in Cooperative Sector"
A decision has been made to establish 1,100 New Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) in the Cooperative Sector in order to accomplish Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of "Sahkar se Samriddhi".
The Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, which are largely involved in short-term credit and the distribution of seeds and fertiliser, will now be able to engage in various economic activities, including high income-generating ones like beekeeping and mushroom cultivation, the Ministry stated. By establishing the essential market linkages for farmers, this project will guarantee that they receive fair pricing for their produce.