பொருள்

Formation of INC: 1st Session of INC           The Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1885, marking a significant milestone in India's struggle for independence from British rule. The foundation of INC was initiated by A.O.Hume , a retired British civil servant, who aimed to create a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians.             The first session of the INC was held in Bombay (now Mumbai) and was attended by 72 delegates. The formation of the INC played a crucial role in unifying diverse regional and political groups, eventually leading to the broader national movement against British colonialism. INC Sessions: Year Place President 1st Session, 1885 Bombay Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee 2nd Session, 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji 3rd Session, 1887 Madra...

  Source: Amrit mahotsav Who was Colonel Neill:                         Colonel Neill, infamous for his brutal role in suppressing the I ndian Rebellion of 1857 , earned the notorious title "Butcher of Allahabad." His ruthless methods left a lasting scar on Indian history, symbolized by a bronze statue erected by the British on Mount Road, Madras (now Chennai). The Symbol of Oppression:        The Neill statue stood as a grim reminder of the atrocities committed by the British, fueling the Indians' insatiable hunger for freedom. Srinivasa Varadan from Madurai vehemently opposed this symbol of oppression, declaring that such a figure had no place in the soil of Mother India. This sentiment led to the formation of the 'Tamil Nadu Volunteer Corps' with the primary goal of dismantling the statue. Neill Statue Satyagraha:        The volunteers, led by Somayajalu Naidu and suppo...

  P. Jeevanandham Birth : 21st August, 1907 near Nagarcoil in Kanyakumari District. Death : 18th January, 1963 P Jeevanandhan also fondly known as Jeeva is a famous Socio-political leader, Gandhian, Journalist and an excellent orator. He was born near Boothapandi in Nagarcoil in the erstwhile Princely state of Travancore. He was originally known as Sorimuthu named after his family god. Political life: In 1924, he participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha which was a nonviolent agitation for access to the prohibited Temple premises. He also participated in the Suchindram temple entry movement . He took care of Gandhian Ashram in Siruvayal where he met Mahatma Gandhi, who appreciated Jeeva for his involvement in the national movement. He hoisted the national flag on top of the temple cart of Suchindram temple at the time of its procession. In 1932, he took part in Civil Disobedience Movement and was sentenced to six months in Trichy Jail. He was arrested and imprisoned for six months f...

Padmasani Ammal   Born : Madurai, 1897 Padmasani Ammal was married at the age of 10 and was sent with her husband Srinivasa Varadan when she was 15. Her Husband was a Tamil pandit in manamadurai. He took part in the freedom movement and later left his job to become a reporter and manager of "Desabaktan" and "Navasakthi" magazines in Madurai. The couples jointly sang the songs of Subramaniya Bharathi to propagate the freedom movement. They actively participated in the Khadi movement and started producing spinning wheels at Madurai. They joined the Sri Bharatha Ashram founded by Subramaniyam Siva and even maintained it in the absence of Siva, whenever he was imprisoned. She headed the Neill Satyagraha in Madurai.

  To promote Inland Water Transport (IWT) in the country, 111 waterways (including 5 existing and 106 new) have been declared as National Waterways (NWs) under the National Waterways Act, 2016 which came into effect from 12 th  April, 2016.

  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established on April 1 1935 under Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. It is India's central bank and regulatory body responsible for regulation of Indian Banking system. It is managed under Ministry of Finance, India. Main Functions: Monetary authority RBI Formulates, implements and monitors the monetary policy. The objective behind this is to maintain price stability while maintaining the growth. Manager of Foreign Exchange Manages the Foreign Exchange Management act, 1999 (FEMA) Faciliates external trade and payment and maintenance of foreign exchange market in the country. Issuer of Currency Issues, exchanges and even destroys currency and as well puts the coins minted by Government of India into Circulation. Know about RBI Exams : RBI Grade B Exam

  Thiruppur Kumaran            Tiruppur Kumaran, originally named Kumarswamy Mudaliar, was born on October 4, 1904, in Chennimalai, Erode District, Tamil Nadu. Kumaran is celebrated as a significant figure in India's struggle for independence, deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's principles. Kumaran's dedication to the cause of Indian independence was evident through his active participation in various protests and movements against British rule. On January 10, 1932, he led a significant protest march in Tiruppur, carrying the Indian national flag. Despite being severely beaten by the British police, Kumaran refused to let the flag touch the ground, symbolizing his unwavering commitment to the nation. This act of defiance earned him the revered title of "Kodi Kaatha Kumaran" (Kumaran who protected the flag). Tragically, Kumaran succumbed to his injuries the following day, on January 11, 1932. His martyrdom is a poignant reminder of the countless unsung...

  Pandit Iyothee Thass C. Iyothee Thass  (20 May 1845 – 1914) was an Indian anti-caste activist and a practitioner of  Siddha  medicine. He famously converted to  Buddhism  and called upon the  Paraiyars  to do the same, arguing that this was their original religion. Iyothee Thass was born Kathavarayan on 20 May 1845  in  Thousand Lights , a neighbourhood in  Madras  (now Chennai), and later migrated to the  Nilgiris district . Work :   In the 1870s, Iyothee Thass organized the Todas and other tribes of the Nilgiri Hills into a formidable force for the freedom movement. In 1876, Thass established the Advaidananda Sabha and launched a magazine called Dravida Pandian in collaboration with Rev. John Rathina. In 1886, Thass issued a revolutionary declaration that Scheduled caste people (Dalits) were not Hindus. Following this declaration, he established the “Dravida Mahajana Sabha '' in 1891 along with Rettamalai S...

  1.கற்க கசடறக் கற்பவை கற்றபின் நிற்க அதற்குத் தக. பொருள் :   கற்கத்‌ தகுந்த நூல்களைக்‌ குற்றமறக்‌ கற்க வேண்டும்‌; அவ்வாறு கற்ற பிறகு கற்ற கல்விக்குத்‌ தக்கவாறு நெறியில்‌ நிற்க வேண்டும்‌. 2.எண்ணென்ப ஏனை எழுத்தென்ப இவ்விரண்டும் கண்ணென்ப வாழும் உயிர்க்கு. பொருள் :  எண்‌ என்று சொல்லப்படுவன, எழுத்து என்று சொல்லப்படுவன ஆகிய இருவகைக்‌ கலைகளையும்‌ வாழும்‌ மக்களுக்குக்‌ கண்கள்‌ என்று கூறுவர்‌. 3.கண்ணுடையர் என்பவர் கற்றோர் முகத்திரண்டு புண்ணுடையர் கல்லா தவர். பொருள் :  கண்ணுடையவர்‌ என்று உயர்வாகக்‌ கூறப்படுகின்றவர்‌ கற்றவரே; கல்லாதவர்‌ முகத்தில்‌ இரண்டு புண்‌ உடையவர்‌ ஆவர்‌. 4.உவப்பத் தலைக்கூடி உள்ளப் பிரிதல் அனைத்தே புலவர் தொழில். பொருள் :  மகிழும்படியாகக்‌ கூடிப்‌ பழகி. (இனி இவரை எப்போது காண்போம்‌ என்று) வருந்தி நினைக்கும்‌ படியாகப்‌ பிரிதல்‌ புலவரின்‌ தொழிலாகும்‌. 5.உடையார்முன் இல்லார்போல் ஏக்கற்றுங் கற்றார் கடையரே கல்லா தவர். பொருள் :  செல்வர்முன்‌ வறியவர்‌ நிற்பதுபோல்‌ (கற்றவர்முன்‌) ஏங்கித்‌ தாழ்ந்து நின்றும்‌ கல்வி கற்றவரே உயர்ந்தவர்‌; கல்லாதவர்‌ இழிந்தவர்‌. ...

இந்தியாவிலுள்ள தேசிய பூங்காக்கள்           தேசிய பூங்கா (national park) என்பது அரசால் அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட அல்லது அதற்கு உரிமையான இயற்கை நிலங்களை கொண்ட ஒரு ஒதுக்ககம் ஆகும். இது மனிதருடைய பொழுதுபோக்கு, விலங்குகள் அல்லது சூழல் பாதுகாப்பு நோக்கங்களுடன் ஒதுக்கப்படுகின்றன. இந்தியாவின் முதல் தேசிய பூங்கா 1936ல் ஹெய்லி என்ற பெயரில் நிறுவப்பட்டது, தற்பொழுது ஜிம் கார்பெட் தேசிய பூங்கா என்று அறியப்படுகிறது. தற்பொழுது இந்தியாவில் 106 தேசிய பூங்காக்கள் இருப்பதாக அறியப்படுகிறது (2022ல்).  1. ஹெமிஸ் தேசிய பூங்கா :         இது லடாக் இல் உள்ளது.  பனிச்சிறுத்தையைக் காண சிறந்த இடமாக கருதப்படுகிறது. நந்தா தேவி உயிர்கோளத்திற்குப் பிறகு இரண்டாவது பெரிய தொடர்ச்சியான பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதியாகும். பாலிஆர்க்டிக் சுற்றுச்சூழல் மண்டலத்திற்குள் (Palearctic ecozone) இந்தியாவின் ஒரே பாகுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி. இது ஜம்மு காஷ்மீரின் கிழக்கு லடாக் பகுதியில் உள்ள உயரமான தேசிய பூங்கா ஆகும். 2. காசிரங்கா தேசிய பூங்கா:         இத்தேசிய பூங்கா அஸ்ஸாமில் அமைந...

1.அறிவற்றங் காக்குங் கருவி செறுவார்க்கும் உள்ளழிக்க லாகா அரண். பொருள் : அறிவு, அழிவு வராமல்‌ காக்கும்‌ கருவியாகும்‌; அன்றியும்‌ பகைகொண்டு எதிர்ப்பவர்க்கும்‌ அழிக்க முடியாத உள்ளரணும்‌ ஆகும்‌. 2.சென்ற இடத்தால் செலவிடா தீதொரீஇ நன்றின்பால் உய்ப்ப தறிவு. பொருள்:மனத்தைச்‌ சென்ற இடத்தில்‌ செல்லவிடாமல்‌, தீமையானதிலிருந்து நீக்கிக்‌ காத்து நன்மையானதில்‌ செல்லவிடுவதே அறிவாகும்‌. 3.எப்பொருள் யார்யார்வாய்க் கேட்பினும் அப்பொருள் மெய்ப்பொருள் காண்ப தறிவு. பொருள்: எப்பொருளை யார்‌ யாரிடம்‌ கேட்டாலும்‌ (கேட்டவாறே கொள்ளாமல்‌) அப்பொருளின்‌ மெய்யான பொருளைக்‌ காண்பதே அறிவாகும்‌ 4.எண்பொருள வாகச் செலச்சொல்லித் தான்பிறர்வாய் நுண்பொருள் காண்ப தறிவு. பொருள்: தான்‌ சொல்லுவன எளிய பொருளையுடையனவாகப்‌ பதியுமாறு சொல்லித்‌, தான்‌ பிறரிடம்‌ கேட்பவற்றின்‌ நுட்பமான பொருளையும்‌ ஆராய்ந்து காண்பது அறிவாகும்‌. 5.உலகம் தழீஇய தொட்பம் மலர்தலும் கூம்பலும் இல்ல தறிவு. பொருள்: உலகத்து உயர்ந்தவரை நட்பாக்கிக்கொள்வது சிறந்த அறிவு; முன்னே மகிழ்ந்து விரிதலும்‌ பின்னே வருந்திக்‌ குவிதலும்‌ இல்லாதது அறிவு. 6.எவ்வ துறைவது உலகம் உலகத்தோடு ...

 PART XVII OFFICIAL LANGUAGE CHAPTER II.- REGIONAL LANGUAGES 345. Official language or languages of a State.— Subject to the provisions of articles 346 and 347, the Legislature of a State may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes of that State: Provided that, until the Legislature of the State otherwise provides by law, the English language shall continue to be used for those official purposes within the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of this Constitution. 346. Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.— The language for the time being authorised for use in the Union for official purposes shall be the official language for communication between one State and another State and between a State and the Union: Provided that if two or more States agree that the Hindi language s...

PART XVI SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES  338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes.— (1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes. (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and three other Members and the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members so appointed shall be such as the President may by rule determine. (3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. (4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure. (5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—      (a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes 1 under this Constitution or under any other la...

 PART XIV SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I.- SERVICES 308. Interpretation. — In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression “State” does not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir. 309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.— Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Acts of the appropriate Legislature may regulate the recruitment, and conditions of service of persons appointed, to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of any State: Provided that it shall be competent for the President or such person as he may direct in the case of services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union, and for the Governor of a State or such person as he may direct in the case of services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State, to make rules regulating the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to such services and posts until provi...

PART VI THE STATES CHAPTER V.- THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES  214. High Courts for States.— There shall be a High Court for each State. 215. High Courts to be courts of record.— Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself. 216. Constitution of High Courts.— Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint. 217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.— (1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the chief Justice, the chief Justice of the High court, and shall hold office, in the case of an additional or acting Judge, as provided in Article 224, and in any other case, until...

 PART VI THE STATES CHAPTER III.- THE STATE LEGISLATURE Procedure Generally 208. Rules of procedure.— (1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business. (2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and standing orders in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution with respect to the Legislature for the corresponding Province shall have effect in relation to the Legislature of the State subject to such modifications and adaptations as may be made therein by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, or the Chairman of the Legislative Council, as the case may be. (3) In a State having a Legislative Council the Governor, after consultation with the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman of the Legislative Council, may make rules as to the procedure with respect to communications between the two Houses. 209. Regulation...

Emblem of India PART III FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Constitutional Remedies 32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.— (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part. (3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2). (4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution. 32A. [Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered i...

Emblem of India PART III  FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS General 12. Definition. —In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. 13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental  rights. —(1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void. (2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void. (3) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires,—      (a) “law” includes any Ordinance, order, bye-law, ...